Press releases & Media

Stockholm, Nov 8, 2024 — Today marked a momentous occasion for GREEN14 as we had the distinct honor of hosting HRH Prince Daniel, Minister for Climate and Environment Romina Pourmokhtari, and an esteemed delegation comprising key figures from the investment community, industry, and government agencies. Together, they joined us in celebrating the groundbreaking work taking place at our pilot reactor facility, where innovation meets sustainability in the quest for critical raw materials, starting with silicon.

The day commenced with a welcome by Jan Dinkelspiel, our Chairman, who set the tone for the event. His remarks were followed by an inspiring keynote speech from Minister Romina Pourmokhtari, who underscored the crucial role Sweden and Europe must play in advancing sustainable materials innovation to meet global climate and industrial challenges.

Adding to the knowledge-sharing, Björn Glaser, Head of Unit for High-Temperature Processes and Assistant Professor at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), shared insights into Sweden’s leadership in materials science and the strategic reasons for selecting KTH as the site for our pilot reactor. His expertise highlighted the collaboration between academia, industry, and government as the backbone of sustainable innovation.

Katarina Nilsson, Director of Research and Innovation at Swemin, provided a powerful perspective on the Critical Raw Materials Act, emphasizing Europe’s dependence on critical resources from regions such as China, Russia, and the DRC. Her remarks reinforced the urgency for Europe to foster a secure and sustainable supply chain, with companies like GREEN14 leading the way.

To conclude the presentations, Adam Podgórski, CEO of GREEN14, offered an in-depth look at our mission: to decarbonize silicon production using plasma-based technology. He also shared our long-term vision to revolutionize raw material extraction while dramatically reducing environmental impact—a goal at the heart of GREEN14’s purpose.

The highlight of the day was a guided tour of our reactor, where HRH Prince Daniel and Minister Romina Pourmokhtari experienced firsthand the cutting-edge plasma technology powering our innovation. Their engagement and curiosity reflected the high stakes and enormous potential of this work for both Sweden and Europe.

This milestone event showcased not only GREEN14’s progress but also the collective commitment to a greener, more resilient future. We extend our deepest gratitude to HRH Prince Daniel, Minister Pourmokhtari, and all our distinguished guests for making this day a truly remarkable chapter in GREEN14’s journey.

For media inquiries, please contact:

CEO Adam Podgorski,

adam.podgorski@green14.com

Stockholm, October 2, 2024 — GREEN14, a pioneer in sustainable silicon and silane production through hydrogen plasma technology, is excited to announce that 23 municipalities across Sweden have responded to the company's Request for Proposal (RFP) for a full-scale demo site. This selection process will follow the pilot program at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), where GREEN14 is showcasing its innovative approach to drastically reducing carbon emissions in silicon production.

The demo site will be the first of its kind, with a single reactor capable of producing 800 tons of silicon annually. This industrial-scale operation will serve as a precedent for further scaling the technology, laying the groundwork for GREEN14's ambitious expansion.

"Our patented technology has the potential to reduce emissions by more than 95% at a lower cost than incumbent technologies," said Adam Podgorski, CEO of GREEN14. "This creates a significant competitive advantage that resonates with both policymakers and investors. The overwhelming interest from municipalities across Sweden highlights the strong support for our vision of a sustainable future."

Key selection criteria for the demo site include:

Access to grid and electricity to ensure reliable power for continuous operations.

Technical competence in the region to support advanced manufacturing processes.

Infrastructure that can accommodate the logistical needs of a full-scale industrial operation.

Community support to foster long-term collaboration and growth.

"We are thrilled to see such enthusiasm from municipalities nationwide, all eager to play a role in supporting GREEN14’s expansion and sustainable technology," continued the CEO. "Our next step is to thoroughly review all the proposals, and we expect to make a final decision on the demo site before the end of the year."

GREEN14 remains committed to revolutionizing the silicon production industry, driving both economic and environmental benefits as it scales its innovative process.

For more information, please contact:

Adam Podgorski
CEO
GREEN14

Stockholm, August 20, 2024 - GREEN14, a pioneering company specializing in the production of high-purity silicon using hydrogen plasma, has announced a collaboration with Boliden, a leader in sustainable mining and metals. This collaboration will focus on the innovative use of tailings from Boliden's Laisvall mine, rich in silica content, as a key input material for GREEN14’s silicon production process.

A New Standard in Circularity

In a bold step towards a circular economy, GREEN14 and Boliden are redefining resource management in the mining industry. By repurposing the silica-rich tailings from the Laisvall mine, GREEN14 eliminates the need for new silica extraction, conserving natural resources and minimizing environmental disruption. This circularity approach ensures that waste material is transformed into a valuable resource, creating a sustainable loop that benefits both the environment and the economy.

"Instead of extracting new silica, we are turning what was once considered waste into a high-purity product essential for various industries, including electronics and renewable energy," said Adam Podgorski, CEO of GREEN14. "This partnership exemplifies how circularity can be implemented on an industrial scale, reducing the environmental footprint while creating economic value."

Boliden: Committed to Climate Transition

Boliden’s involvement in this partnership underscores its long-standing commitment to environmental stewardship and climate transition. The Laisvall mine, once Europe’s largest lead mine, is now a symbol of Boliden’s dedication to sustainable practices. The company is not only focused on cleaning up the Laisvall area but is also committed to transforming the site into a source of innovation and sustainability.

"We are proud to partner with GREEN14 in this forward-thinking initiative," said Erik Ronne, Boliden Research Manager Sustainability. "This collaboration aligns perfectly with our goal to reduce our environmental impact and contribute to a sustainable future. By converting the Laisvall mine’s tailings into a valuable resource, we are taking a significant step towards cleaning up the area and setting a new standard for mine site rehabilitation. While still early days, we are excited to see what results tests will bring."

GREEN14’s Groundbreaking Process

GREEN14's innovative production process sets a new benchmark in silicon manufacturing. By utilizing hydrogen plasma technology, GREEN14 not only avoids direct carbon emissions but also allows for the use of lower-grade silica as input material. This capability is crucial in a world where resource quality is declining, and the demand for high-purity silicon is soaring.

"Our process is designed to be both environmentally and economically sustainable," added Adam Podgorski. "We can produce high-purity silicon without the need for high-quality raw silica, which is increasingly scarce. By using tailings from Laisvall, we are demonstrating that lower-grade materials can be upcycled into top-tier products, all while avoiding the carbon emissions typically associated with traditional silicon production."

About GREEN14

GREEN14 is an innovative company focused on producing high-purity silicon using cutting-edge hydrogen plasma technology. With a commitment to sustainability, GREEN14’s processes minimize environmental impact while delivering high-quality products essential for the green economy.

For media inquiries, please contact:

Adam Podgorski
CEO
GREEN14
Email: adam.podgorski@green14.com

Stockholm, June 26 2023 - Green 14 AB ("GREEN14") is proud to announce that the company has received funding from the Swedish Energy Agency for its innovative project aimed at revolutionizing the silicon industry. Silicon is a crucial component in semiconductors, solar panels, metal alloys, and chemicals, but the industry faces significant challenges that GREEN14 intends to address.

The global silicon industry is currently characterized by:

High emissions

Labor rights issues

GREEN14 has developed a groundbreaking technology for producing high-quality silicon from quartz (SiO2) using hydrogen plasma technology. This technology has the potential to significantly reduce emissions from silicon production and lower production costs compared to current alternatives.

With support from the Swedish Energy Agency, GREEN14 aims to become a leading player in silicon production in Sweden, Europe, and globally. The company envisions creating a cost-effective and environmentally friendly European supply of silicon, which will enable expanded production and recycling of silicon for use in solar panels, batteries, and semiconductors.

"We are thankful to have received this support from the Swedish Energy Agency. Our technology has the potential to transform the silicon industry by making it more sustainable and cost-effective. This project marks an important milestone in our efforts to create a greener and more self-sufficient European silicon market," says Adam Podgorski, CEO of Green 14 AB.

For more information, please contact:

Adam Podgorski

CEO, Green 14 AB

Email: adam.podgorski@green14.com

Stockholm, May 15, 2024 – GREEN14, a pioneering producer of high-purity silicon utilizing hydrogen plasma technology, is thrilled to announce its victory in the Nordic Cleantech Open 2024. The recognition marks a significant milestone for the company, affirming its dedication to sustainability and innovation in the cleantech sector.

The Nordic Cleantech Open is a highly respected platform that identifies and celebrates the most promising sustainable technology startups in the Nordic region. GREEN14 stood out among fierce competition for its groundbreaking approach to producing high-purity silicon, a crucial component in various industries including solar energy, electronics, and electric vehicles.

"We are immensely proud and honored to receive the Nordic Cleantech Open 2024 award," said Adam Podgorski, CEO of GREEN14. "This recognition underscores our commitment to addressing critical environmental challenges while driving technological advancements in the cleantech industry."

GREEN14's success can be attributed to its relentless focus on tackling pressing issues such as the reshoring of critical raw materials. By harnessing the power of hydrogen plasma, the company has developed a sustainable method for producing high-purity silicon, reducing reliance on imported materials and promoting local manufacturing.

"Our emphasis on solving significant challenges like reshoring critical raw materials has set us apart in the industry," added Podgorski. "This award validates our efforts and motivates us to continue pushing the boundaries of innovation."

The esteemed jury of the Nordic Cleantech Open comprises experts with extensive knowledge in climatetech and deeptech, making the victory even more meaningful for GREEN14. The recognition from such a distinguished panel further validates the company's technological prowess and its potential to drive positive change in the cleantech landscape.

Stockholm, April 30, 2024 - GREEN14, a pioneering Swedish startup focused on sustainable technology, has been selected as a finalist in the Climate Tech track of the prestigious South Summit 2024 startup competition.

GREEN14's innovative approach to silicon production, utilizing hydrogen plasma, has garnered attention for its potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions in the manufacturing process. By harnessing the power of hydrogen plasma, GREEN14 aims to revolutionize silicon production, making it more environmentally friendly and sustainable.

The recognition as a finalist in the South Summit 2024 startup competition underscores GREEN14's commitment to advancing climate-friendly technologies and driving positive change in the industry.

"We are honored to be recognized as a finalist in the Climate Tech track of the South Summit 2024 startup competition," said Adam Podgorski, CEO at GREEN14. "This acknowledgment is a testament to the dedication and ingenuity of our team as we strive to address the urgent challenges of climate change through innovative solutions."

The South Summit startup competition brings together leading entrepreneurs, investors, and corporations to showcase groundbreaking innovations across various industries. Being selected as a finalist in the Climate Tech track reaffirms GREEN14's position as a frontrunner in the quest for sustainable technology solutions.

Stockholm, April 15, 2024 - GREEN14, a pioneering Swedish startup specializing in sustainable technology, has been announced as one of the ten finalists in the esteemed Nordic Cleantech Open 2024 competition, organized by Cleantech Scandinavia.

Nordic Cleantech Open is renowned for recognizing innovative companies that are driving positive environmental impact through their groundbreaking technologies. GREEN14's selection as a finalist underscores the company's commitment to advancing cleantech solutions and addressing pressing environmental challenges.

Adam Podgorski, CEO of GREEN14, expressed his appreciation for being named a finalist among a pool of impressive contenders. "It's truly inspiring to see the caliber of innovation showcased by the other companies competing in Nordic Cleantech Open," said Podgorski. "To be selected as one of the ten finalists is a tremendous honor, and we are excited about the opportunity to further demonstrate the potential of our technology."

GREEN14's innovative approach to silicon production, leveraging hydrogen plasma technology, has positioned the company as a frontrunner in the quest for sustainable manufacturing solutions. Through its groundbreaking work, GREEN14 aims to reduce carbon emissions and pave the way for a more environmentally conscious future.

The Nordic Cleantech Open competition serves as a platform for emerging cleantech companies to gain visibility, connect with investors, and accelerate their growth. GREEN14's selection as a finalist reaffirms its position as a leader in the cleantech industry and highlights the company's potential to make a significant impact on global sustainability efforts.

Stockholm, April 18, 2024 - GREEN14, a company active in sustainable silicon production, is pleased to announce the commissioning of a groundbreaking pilot project at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm. This innovative pilot facility aims to produce high-purity silicon and silanes to cater to the growing demands of the battery, solar, and semiconductor industries.

The pilot plant, capable of processing up to 5 kg/hour of silicon, represents a significant step forward in advancing sustainable manufacturing practices for critical industries. GREEN14's proprietary technology integrates eco-friendly processes, ensuring reduced environmental impact while maintaining product quality and efficiency.

"We are excited to launch this pilot project in collaboration with the Royal Institute of Technology," said Adam Podgorski, CEO and Founder of GREEN14. "Our mission is to meet the rising demand for green and cost-effective silicon derived from ethical production methods. Customers are increasingly seeking solutions that are not only sustainable but also economically viable. This pilot is a testament to our commitment to deliver on these requirements."

The primary goal of the pilot is to demonstrate the feasibility and scalability of GREEN14's unique approach to silicon production. By leveraging renewable resources and optimizing process efficiency, GREEN14 aims to establish a new benchmark for sustainable manufacturing in the silicon industry.

"The demand for silicon in key sectors such as batteries, solar panels, and semiconductors is growing rapidly," added Podgorski. "Our focus is not only on meeting this demand but doing so in a manner that aligns with our values of environmental responsibility and ethical production."

GREEN14's pilot project at KTH is expected to generate valuable insights and data that will inform the development of larger-scale production facilities. The company remains committed to driving innovation in sustainable silicon production and contributing to the transition towards a greener economy.

For media inquiries or further information, please contact:

Press Contact:

Adam Podgorski

Email: adam.podgorski@green14.com

Phone: +46 73 351 85 28

Stockholm, March 3 2024 - GREEN14, a leading innovator in sustainable technology, proudly announces its participation in a groundbreaking research project funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg (KAW) Foundation through the Wallenberg Launch Pad (WALP). This initiative, set to revolutionize the field of plasma technology, is spearheaded by KTH Royal Institute of Technology's esteemed researcher, Björn Glaser.

The WALP program, dedicated to advancing research in AI, Material Science, Quantum Technologies, and Data Driven Life Science, offers crucial support to researchers exploring the industrial and societal impacts of their innovative ideas. Eligibility for the program requires active involvement in the mentioned areas and financing from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.

Mr. Glaser's research at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, specifically in microwave plasma technology, is poised to challenge traditional DC plasma technologies in metallurgy and plasma chemistry. While DC plasma boasts deployment ease, it carries drawbacks such as lower energy efficiency and a shorter lifespan due to wear and tear. In contrast, microwave plasma offers higher energy efficiency and an extended lifespan, making it a promising alternative.

GREEN14, a Swedish startup running a project at KTH involving the reduction of quartz using hydrogen plasma, is honored to collaborate closely with Mr. Glaser on this pioneering research. The project, initially utilizing conventional DC plasma in a pilot reactor, will shift its focus to microwave plasma, aiming to reduce costs and overcome product contamination issues associated with DC plasma electrodes.

The research collaboration between GREEN14 and KTH, supported by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation's WALP program, signifies a crucial step toward sustainable and efficient plasma technology. As a responsible innovator committed to environmentally friendly solutions, GREEN14 is excited about the potential positive impact this research will have on the industry and society at large.

For media inquiries, please contact:

Adam Podgorski

CEO

adam.podgorski@green14.com

Stockholm, Feb 23 2024 - GREEN 14 AB proudly announces its win as one of three laureates in Vinnova's deep tech pitch competition. This victory not only solidifies GREEN14's status as a leader in the deep tech sector but also presents an exciting opportunity to showcase our groundbreaking innovations at Hello Tomorrow in Paris this March.

Vinnova, Sweden's innovation agency, assessed and celebrated the most promising deep tech companies, identifying GREEN14 as a standout performer addressing a critical challenge for Europe — access to vital raw materials.

The Hello Tomorrow conference in Paris serves as an unparalleled platform for emerging technologies, bringing together visionaries, investors, and thought leaders from around the globe. GREEN14's participation in this event provides an invaluable opportunity to network with industry leaders, potential collaborators, and investors.

"Being recognized by Vinnova and securing a place among the winners in this competitive pitch competition is a tremendous honor for GREEN14," said Adam Podgorski, CEO of GREEN14. "Our commitment to addressing the critical issue of access to raw materials in Europe is unwavering, and this acknowledgment fuels our determination to drive meaningful change. We are excited about the upcoming opportunity to present our innovations at Hello Tomorrow and connect with stakeholders who share our passion for a sustainable future."

For media inquiries, please contact:

Adam Podgorski

CEO

adam.podgorski@green14.com

Stockholm, Dec 13 2023 - GREEN 14 AB Announces Strategic Collaboration to Advance Low Carbon Footprint Solar Cell Production with a Large U.S. Solar Manufacturing Company (“the American Solar Cell Manufacturing Company” or “ASCMC”)

GREEN 14 AB is proud to announce a new partnership intending to collaborate on the production of low carbon footprint silicon wafers for solar cell manufacturing with one of the largest cell producers in the US. This partnership aims to propel advancements in environmentally friendly technology and ethical labor practices within the solar industry.

Key Highlights of the Collaboration:

Commitment to Sustainability: The American Solar Cell Manufacturing Company is dedicated to sourcing polysilicon with a minimal carbon footprint. With ASCMC’s ambition to start cell production of 1 GW during the spring of 2024 it seeks to secure 25-50% of the GREEN14’s annual output from Factory 1.

Ethical Labor Practices: ASCMC expresses concern about reports of forced labor in polysilicon production. To address this, ASCMC requests that the polysilicon supplied by GREEN14 be manufactured in a location ensuring adherence to ethical labor practices.

Innovative Technology: GREEN14 is actively developing innovative technology for polysilicon production, utilizing green hydrogen to reduce the overall carbon footprint in the polysilicon manufacturing process.

Research and Development (R&D) Collaboration: Both parties express mutual interest in exploring potential collaboration on an R&D project. The primary objective is to assess the quality of wafers produced with low carbon polysilicon, potentially leading to future purchases of wafers containing GREEN14 silicon.

The Letter of Intent is effective from December 13, 2023 until December 31, 2025, or any later date agreed upon.

For media inquiries, please contact:

Adam Podgorski, Founder & CEO

+46 73 351 85 28

adam.podgorski@green14.com

Det var 2021 som svenska finansmannen Jan Dinkelspiel och den australiensiska forskaren Adam Podgorski möttes för första gången.

“Jag klev in till Jan och berättade att jag ville producera grönt kisel”, berättar Adam Podgorski, kemist och specialist på solceller, över en kaffe på Impact Loops kontor i Stockholm.

The start-up company Green14 wants to challenge Asia's silicon dominance in the market for solar cells and enlists the help of KTH. At the Department of Materials Science, the company are building a seven-meter-high reactor that will produce green silicon.

In just a matter of months, a 7-meter-high reactor is set to begin construction in the furnace hall at the Department of Materials Science (MSE)….

Stockholm, Oct 17th, 2023 - GREEN 14 AB convened an extraordinary general meeting on October 17th. The assembly resolved to approve the shareholders' proposal for new board members.

The meeting decided on the election of Kerstin Konradsson and Erik Løkke-Øwre as board members for the period until the end of next year's general meeting.

Kerstin Konradsson brings over 30 years of industry experience from leadership positions at SSAB, Åkers, and Boliden, as well as board assignments at LKAB and Sibelco, previously also at Alleima and Höganäs. Since July 1, 2023, she has been the CEO and Group President at the steel company Erasteel.

Erik Løkke-Øwre is the CEO of wafer manufacturer NorSun AS. Prior to his current position, he was Vice President Operations at Nel Hydrogen Electrolyser. Erik has around 30 years of experience in the silicon, hydrogen, and solar energy industries through executive roles at Norsun, NEL, Elkem, REC Solar, and REC Silicon.

"It is with great joy and pride that I welcome Kerstin and Erik to GREEN14's board. These are two individuals we know well, and who, with their extensive experiences, can contribute significant value to the journey ahead of us. Kerstin knows what it takes to build capital-intensive and leading industrial companies, and Erik has a deep understanding of our market after thirty years in the silicon and solar energy businesses," says Jan Dinkelspiel, chairman of GREEN14.

About GREEN14

GREEN14 is a pioneering technology company committed to developing innovative solutions for a sustainable future. With a focus on renewable energy, GREEN14 is revolutionizing the production of solar grade silicon through its groundbreaking quartz reduction process. By combining cutting-edge technology with a commitment to environmental stewardship, GREEN14 is driving the transition to a low-carbon economy and paving the way for a cleaner, brighter future.

For media inquiries, please contact:

Adam Podgorski, Founder & CEO

+46 73 351 85 28

adam.podgorski@green14.com

Description goes hereEncouraged by lab results and a feasibility study, Swedish startup, Green14, in collaboration with Sweden’s Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) plans to build a pilot-scale reactor to make solar grade silicon with a hydrogen plasma process. The company sees the pilot as a step towards using a more sustainable method to produce solar grade silicon for the PV industry…

Green14 har visionen om att ställa en hel industri på ända och ta plats i den gröna industriboomen i norr. Bakom bolaget står australiern Adam Podgorski och den svenska finansmannen Jan Dinkelspiel. Tillsammans sitter de på en helt ny teknik som ska göra kiselutvinningen – viktig råvara i solpaneler…

Den allra vanligaste typen av solcellspaneler är kiselsolceller. Det finns gott om kisel i jordskorpan men det är mycket energikrävande att utvinna och rena. I dagsläget tillverkas knappt 70 procent av världens solceller i Kina, där en majoritet av energin som används vid tillverkningen är fossil.

Kisel framställs ofta genom att mineralet kvarts, kiseldioxid…

Stockholm, July 4th, 2023 – GREEN14, a leading innovator in sustainable technology, is proud to announce significant progress in its mission to revolutionize the production of solar grade silicon. Following a highly successful lab-scale feasibility study, GREEN14 is now poised to establish a pilot plant that employs a groundbreaking quartz reduction process utilizing hydrogen plasma. This pioneering development is set to transform the solar industry by drastically reducing emissions and advancing technoeconomic viability.

The pilot plant represents a crucial milestone for GREEN14's ambitious vision of sustainable solar grade silicon production. Building upon the accomplishments of the lab-scale feasibility study, which yielded promising results, the company is committed to driving the transition to a low-carbon future.

By utilizing hydrogen plasma in the quartz reduction process, GREEN14 aims to achieve a reduction in emissions, ranging from 60% to an impressive 95%. This reduction is expected to have far-reaching positive environmental implications, helping to combat climate change and address the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions.

GREEN14's technoeconomic analysis indicates that the pilot plant's operations will be economically viable, opening up exciting possibilities for large-scale implementation in the solar industry. With the potential to revolutionize solar panel manufacturing, GREEN14's process stands at the forefront of clean energy innovation.

The highly anticipated pilot plant will be commissioned at the esteemed Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) later this year or in early 2024. The collaboration with KTH will further strengthen GREEN14's capabilities by leveraging the institute's renowned expertise and state-of-the-art facilities. This partnership reflects GREEN14's commitment to fostering academic collaboration and driving technological advancements through interdisciplinary cooperation.

"We are thrilled to announce our progress towards the establishment of a pilot plant for our revolutionary quartz reduction process," said Adam Podgorski, Founder at GREEN14. "Building upon our successful lab-scale feasibility study, we are confident that our technology has the potential to transform the solar industry. By significantly reducing emissions and advancing technoeconomic viability, GREEN14 is playing a vital role in creating a more sustainable future."

As GREEN14 advances toward the pilot plant's commissioning, the company remains dedicated to continued research and development, striving to improve efficiency and maximize the positive environmental impact of its groundbreaking process. By harnessing the power of hydrogen plasma, GREEN14 is poised to make significant contributions to the global fight against climate change.

About GREEN14

GREEN14 is a pioneering technology company committed to developing innovative solutions for a sustainable future. With a focus on renewable energy, GREEN14 is revolutionizing the production of solar grade silicon through its groundbreaking quartz reduction process. By combining cutting-edge technology with a commitment to environmental stewardship, GREEN14 is driving the transition to a low-carbon economy and paving the way for a cleaner, brighter future.

For media inquiries, please contact:

Adam Podgorski

Founder & CEO

+46 73 351 85 28

adam.podgorski@green14.com

– Så länge som vi kunde spotta ur oss hur mycket CO2 i atmosfären fanns inga incitament. Världen var inte redo.

Det säger Jan Dinkelspiel, en av grundarna. Han är ett känt namn i bank och finansvärlden.

Traditionellt utvinns kisel till solceller från kvarts i två steg. Det första ger kisel som är rent nog för metallegeringar, 99 procent. Det andra steget tvättar bort orenheter tills du når sex eller fler niors renhet, 99,9999 procent.